Bill of Attainder Definition

A bill of attainder – sometimes called an act or writ of attainder or an ex-post facto law – is an act of a government’s legislature that declares a person or group of persons guilty of a crime and prescribing their punishment without the benefit of a trial or judicial hearing. The practical effect of a bill of attainder is to deny accused person’s civil rights and liberties. Article I, Section 9, paragraph 3, of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the enactment of bills of attainder, stating, â€Å"No Bill of Attainder or ex-post facto Law will be passed.† Key Takeaways: Bills of Attainder Bills of attainder, or ex-post-facto laws, are acts of Congress that declare a person or persons guilty of a crime without a trial or judicial hearing.As a part of English Common Law, monarchs often used bills of attainder to deny a person’s right to own property, the right to a title of nobility, or even right to life.Arbitrary British enforcement of bills of attainder on American colonists was a motivation for the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution.As direct denials of civil rights and liberties, bills of attainder are prohibited by Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution.The individual U.S. states are similarly prohibited from passing bills of attainder on their citizens by Article I, Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution.   Origin of Bills of Attainder Bills of attainder were originally part of English Common Law and were typically used by the monarchy to deny a person’s right to own property, the right to a title of nobility, or even right to life. Records from the English Parliament show that on January 29, 1542, Henry VIII secured bills of attainder that resulted in the executions of a number people holding titles of nobility. While the English Common Law right of habeas corpus guaranteed fair trials by a jury, a bill of attainder completely bypassed the judicial procedure. Despite their obviously unfair nature, bills of attainder were not banned throughout the United Kingdom until 1870. US Constitutional Ban of Bills of Attainder As a feature of English law at the time, bills of attainder were often enforced against residents of the thirteen American colonies. Indeed, outrage over the enforcement of bills attainder in the colonies was one of the motivations for the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution. The dissatisfaction of Americans with British attainder laws resulted in their being prohibited in the U.S. Constitution ratified in 1789. As James Madison wrote on January 25, 1788, in the Federalist Papers Number 44, â€Å"Bills of attainder, ex-post facto laws, and laws impairing the obligations of contracts, are contrary to the first principles of the social compact, and to every principle of sound legislation. ... The sober people of America are weary of the fluctuating policy which has directed the public councils. They have seen with regret and indignation that sudden changes and legislative interferences, in cases affecting personal rights, become jobs in the hands of enterprising and influential speculators, and snares to the more-industrious and less-informed part of the community.† The Constitution’s ban of the use of bills of attainder by the federal government contained in Article I, Section 9 was considered so important by the Founding Fathers, that a provision banning state law bills of attainder was included in the first clause of ​Article I, Section 10. The Constitution’s bans of bills of attainder at both the federal and state level serve two purposes: They enforce the fundamental doctrine of separation of powers by forbidding the legislative branch from performing functions constitutionally delegated to the judicial or executive branch.  They embody the protections of due process of law expressed in the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments. Along with the U.S. Constitution, the constitutions of ever state expressly forbid bills of attainder. For example, Article I, Section 12 of the constitution of the State of Wisconsin reads, â€Å"No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed, and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.† Sources and Further Reference Saunders, Thomas M. â€Å"Defining Bills of Attainder.† The Bill of Attainder Project. Lipson, Barry J. â€Å"Bill of Attainder: Trial by Legislature.† Federally Speaking (Number 36).

The Guantanamo Bay Detention Center - 1262 Words

On a hot summer day in July, I’ve flown all the way to Cuba not for the sights, but I’ve been given the opportunity to interview one of the contributors behind the terrorist plot that struck the nation back in 2001. The plot I’m referring to the was the infamous â€Å"9/11† attack which struck so many Americans at their very core as this was the largest known terrorist plot to ever hit the United States. On that frightful day, there were approximately 3,000 people who perished on September 11 and another 18,000 victims who, till this day are suffering injuries due to dust inhalation from the towers collapsing. As I proceed through numerous checkpoints to enter one of the most secured military facilities, many inmates, as well as America,†¦show more content†¦The base was originally intended to house Haitian and Cuban refugees prior to GITMO being declared unconstitutional in 1993, but since 2002 however, the base has been largely used as a dete ntion center or prison camp for detainees who were considered enemy combatants and for whom normal legal rules and protections did not apply. Now that I finally made it past the perimeter, I was escorted to a open waiting area similar to what is seen in many correctional institutes where family members are ushered in to see their loves ones during visiting hours. I sat there waiting to meet with Omar Al-Bayoumi, a Saudi man who had been living in the United States for several years and he is also known as the â€Å"front man† who helped orchestrate the attack on â€Å"9/11†. A few moments later, I witness Omar being escorted into the waiting area by two military members. Omar is dressed in one of the orange jumpsuits many of the inmates are made to wear, along with the Quran in his right hand. Once Omar and I were face to face, I introduced myself as a reported with Time Magazine and I thanked him for meeting with me. Surprisingly Omar was pleasant and friendly upon our encounter, given the circumstances and welcomed the opportunity to speak with me and answer all of my questions for the duration of the interview. We both sat down and I conducted my interview by asking a few basic questions in order for me to discover what type of man Omar was. I

Organisation and Behaviour

It is known that the Tesco leaders must be inspirational creative and innovative. They should be able to embrace the changes as it can help in achieving the long-term vision of the organisation. The effective leaders can manage by examples and they also develop their teams. In Tesco wide range of roles and responsibilities are provided to the leaders and that can also help the employees in progressing within the company (A, 2013). Here various aspects of the leadership and organisational behaviour can be illustrated for Tesco. Task 1: 1.Question-Research the different leadership style within the Tesco's Organisation.identify 3 different style and compare their effectiveness at achieving the organisation's goals? Answer- There are various leadership styles that are maintained in Tesco. Here three distinct leadership styles can be seen. The first style is the autocratic or the authoritarian style and I tell is the main philosophy or the characteristic of the style. Here clear direction is given by the leaders and the subordinates follow the decision. Another approach of leadership that can be very effective is democratic approach of leadership. Here the philosophy is I share and each member have equal input in the operations. This type of leadership empowers the subordinates and thus it increases the motivation of the employees. Another leadership style is the Laissez-faire which is the hands-off approach. In this style the teams are trusted for making the right decisions and taking the correct actions. Here it can be said that each leadership styles can be very effective in achieving the goals of the organisation (Arvinen-Muondo Perkins, 2013). The autocratic leadership can be effective in terms of the authoritarian strategy as it can make things done effectively and there can be centralisation of the power The democratic style of leadership can increase the motivation of the employees and thus it can increase the productivity and can help in achieving the organisational goals. The Laissez faire can also be very effective as the knowledge of the employees is trusted and that can increase their productivity. 2.Question-Evaluate the different approaches used by Tesco's competitors and compare their effectiveness against Tesco? Answer Tesco is the leading retailer in the UK and one of the top retailers in the world. The main competitor of Tesco is Wal-mart in the local as well as in the global market (Hoovers.com, 2015). In Wal-mart two types of leadership style is seen. These are transactional leadership and transformational leadership style. Mr Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-mart believed in the core value of the transformational leadership as he believed that it can significantly contribute in the success of the organisation (Business, Political, and Cultural News in Fort Smith and Northwest Arkansas, 2015). It is known that transformational leadership is one of the effective approaches of leadership where the leaders are charged with identification of the required change and they guide their people with the vision of overall transformation for better. The people are inspired and motivated thus the productivity and effectiveness increases. While the transformational leadership provided the vision and the strate gy to Wal-Mart, the transactional leadership helped in running the daily operations and executing effective strategies for the growth of the company. The transactional leadership is based on the philosophy of punishment and reward (Donlon, 2013). In Wal-Mart high performing individuals are promoted and they motivate employees through such measure.Explain how the developments in management support and underpin Tesco Management today? 3.Question-Explain how the developments in management support and underpin Tesco Management today? Answer In Tesco, the management and the leadership style that is adopted at present is the democratic style. Here it can be said that the management of Tesco has transformed from the initial stage. The management style, practices and the approaches that are implemented in recent years are more effective and efficient. In the democratic style of leadership and management, the voices of the employees are heard and they motivate their employees. Thus it can be said that the management styles and the practices has improved in recent times and the management style that is adopted in years is more effective and it can help in achieving the goals and objectives of the organisation. But the managers still hold the traditional values and they need to be more creative and adaptive to continuous changes (McShane, Travaglione Olekalns, 2012). Task 2: 1.Question-From the leadership style identified in task one.compare the different motivation techniques used by Tesco's leadership and how they respond to the changing shopping trends? Answer There are various motivational techniques that are used by the leaders in Tesco for motivating the employees in order to increase the productivity of the employees. There are several motivational techniques that are used in Tesco for the employees. The rewards and benefits is one of the most effective techniques for motivating the employees. The employees are provided with several monetary and non-monetary rewards for a better performance of the employees (Innes, 2015). They also take into consideration the satisfaction of the employees and they are given the opportunity to give their opinion and views on the job aspects. This can help in evaluating whether the right roles and responsibilities are given to the employees. The organisation also provide better work environment for the employees for motivating them. These motivational techniques also conform with the changing shopping trends as the employees adapt to the changes due to the motivational factors. 2.Question-Compare and contrast four different motivation techniques and using one of the motivation techniques,evaluate the benefits to both the employees and Tesco? Answer Here four different motivational techniques can be compared with one effective motivational technique used in Tesco and the benefits to the employees and the company can be evaluated. The first technique can be effective training. It can be compared with the rewards and benefits. It is known that the training improves the ability and the efficiency of the workers and thus it is beneficial for the professional growth of the employees and it is also good for the company due to increased productivity (McShane, Travaglione Olekalns, 2012). On the other hand, the rewards and benefits can be more effective motivating factor for the employees. Both factors can increase the cost of the company. The second technique is providing better work environment. It is also a motivating factor as the employees can work within a good environment that motivates them but rewards and benefits is more effective than the technique. Both the techniques provide benefits to the employees and the organisation. The third factor can be increasing the responsibilities of the employees. In such context the motivation of the employees can be increased as well but it can work better with some of the employees. The rewards and benefits are more effective factors. The fourth factors can be assessment of the work satisfaction. This can also increase the motivation of the employees as measures are taken in term job satisfaction. This can increase the benefits of the employees. Task3: 1.Question-Explain the differing behaviours and dynamics of groups? Answer The group dynamics and the behaviours can be illustrated here. It is known that a group is the sum of the parts (McShane, Travaglione Olekalns, 2012). The groups are basically formed in order to achieve certain goals and objectives they are disbanded after achieving the goal. There should be good synergy in the group and the decisions must be made within the groups to achieve the ultimate goal. There should not be any form of conflicts within the members and it should be resolved immediately. 2.Question-Select strategies you can use to develop the group to create a high performance team.within your answer you must discuss problems that you may encounter while choosing and developing a team? Answer In order to create a high performance group, various techniques and strategies can be used by the leader. The first strategy should be to know the group and the members very well. Their abilities and nature should be known by the team leader. The second technique should be resolving the conflicts within the team as soon as possible (Docs.oracle.com, 2015). The third strategy should be maintaining effective communication within the team and assigning the jobs to appropriate members. There can be various issues that maybe faced while developing the teams due to the difference in the culture and nature of the employees but it should be resolved by implementing the strategies. 3.Question-Evaluate the use of technology to meet the needs of the diverse geographical workforce of the virtual team? Answer Here various technologies can also be implemented in order to meet the needs of the diverse geographical workforce or the virtual team. Such technologies can include group audio chats or video conferencing using the ICT technologies (Arvinen-Muondo Perkins, 2013). The audio chat tools and the video conferencing software can help in better communication within the teams in various geographical regions for making the decisions and sharing their opinions. In conclusion it can be said that leadership and management is one of the most important aspect in an organisation as it can help in achieving the goals andobjectives of the organisation. In the assignment various aspects of leadership and management in Tesco is shown. Here the features of effective teams are also presented along with the motivational techniques of the employees. References A, M. (2013).Organisational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Arvinen-Muondo, R., Perkins, S. (2013).Organizational behaviour. London: Kogan Page. Business, Political, and Cultural News in Fort Smith and Northwest Arkansas,. (2015).Wal-Mart outlines key leadership, organizational changes. Docs.oracle.com,. (2015).Strategies for Creating Availability Suite Protection Groups - Oracle Solaris Cluster Geographic Edition Data Replication Guide for Oracle Solaris Availability Suite. Donlon, J. (2013).How Walmart Trains Better Leaders | ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive magazine.ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive magazine. Hoovers.com,. (2015).TESCO PLC Names of Competitors. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Innes, J. (2015).Motivational Techniques - Advice For Executives.The CV Centre. McShane, S., Travaglione, A., Olekalns, M. (2012).Organisational behaviour. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw Hill Australia.

Performing Arts Essays - The K.G.B., Diver Down,

Performing Arts Performing Arts Essay Adam Buckle January 5th 2001 The poem Trying to show and introduce various ways of writing and making music. Introduce Motifs Process of devising and improvising and performing music How we were able to devise and actually write the piece, refer back to examples. Include Melody, Harmony, Timbre, Texture, and Rhythm. Our performed piece was based upon the poem called Amber written by Jennie Fontana. This was our stimulus and my first impression of the poem was of the sea and waves. This was the overriding theme for the piece, which we were to perform. To introduce us to the end piece we had to first understand what it was we were dealing with, in musical terms. We learnt the basic terms of music and what they meant and we tried to create a little piece which demonstrated at least one of characteristics. The piece, which I created, was based upon tempo and pitch. I played a basic set of notes on the keyboard and then speeded them up and then I stopped, (using silence) and then proceeded to step up an octave. I did this three times. Everybody else in the group did this so we could have some sound recognition about what each sounded like. After this we had to be taught simple ways of writing down music in terms that we could understand. I have had previous lessons in guitar so I know the basic chords and notes, however with the class we learnt how to write it in a way that we used numbers and lines, TAB. The way we were taught to right a minimalist form of notation was to produce dots. Say you were using a drum and you were counting your beats, one, two, three, four. And on every third of the four beats you would hit your drum. We would write this down like this: This gave us a way of remembering the rhythm of the piece and who should be playing what were. This was very useful especially with four people playing instruments. We used this form of notation in a piece we created. This was were we all had percussion instruments and had to come up with 4 lines of 4 bars. We had to use the above notation to create the rhythm and the piece. When it came to rehearsing the major problem was keeping time as we all set off at 1-line intervals. So you had other instruments playing a different set of notes as you were trying to concentrate on yours. However we got through that and we performed what I considered a very good piece of exploratory music. We then after that went on to produce Motifs. These are where they can represent something, conjure up something and can be perceived to be an emotion or character. One of the pieces of motif work which we studied was performed and written by Tschaikovsky. This showed how a simple motif could be changed and adapted to take on what would seem like a completely different melody. This was achieved by either quickening the tempo of the piece of music or playing it in different octaves, to produce more sinister sounds if played within a low octave. I produced a motif which was a basic riff on the piano going up and down the notes within one octave played really softly, this was to suggest loneliness. By now we had a fairly good but basic understanding of the basic concepts of music. This then led us to our final piece. As everybody seemed to have a group I went away and did something myself. This didnt work, as I couldnt play everything that I wanted to play and everything that I wanted to perform. I decided to find myself a group and try and pass, on some ideas. This is where I started using the wave idea and thanks to the keyboards memory banks, the keyboard could play wave sounds at different pitch levels this gave us a background and an introduction to a tone, which we could set for the overall piece. The texture of the sound was of smooth cloth of silk with ripples going through it. This was very effective and instantly produced a relaxed